Facebook
to Test Emoji as Reaction Icons
By VINDU GOEL October 10, 2015
Facebook新表情讓你表達負面情緒
VINDU GOEL 2015年10月10日
SAN FRANCISCO — Despite the billions of “likes” bestowed on
Facebook posts every month, something has been missing: an option to express a
different emotion.
舊金山——儘管Facebook的帖子每個月都會收到數十億個「讚」，但還是缺了點東西：表達不同情感的選項。
On Thursday, Facebook announced it
will begin testing six new emotional reactions that you can convey with a
simple emoji, similar to the thumbs-up “like” icon that the social networking
service has made so famous.
The six new emoji depict various expressions, from an open mouth
to express surprise to a scowling red face for anger. The other four emotions
are love, laughter, sadness and a supportive cheer.
這六個新表情符號描述了各種各樣的表情，從表示吃驚的張大嘴巴，到表示憤怒的紅臉。另外四個符號分別代表愛、大笑、悲傷和支持歡呼。
Facebook除了「讚」之外，新增的六個表情符號，表達從吃驚到憤怒等各種不同的情緒。
The new reaction icons will be available to most Facebook users in
Spain and Ireland by the end of this week. Adam Mosseri, who oversees
Facebook’s news feed, said the company would evaluate how people in those two
countries use the new buttons and refine them, before expanding the rollout to
the company’s 1.5 billion users worldwide later this year.
至本週末，西班牙及愛爾蘭的大部分Facebook用戶將可以開始使用這些新表情符號。Facebook負責新聞訂閱事宜的亞當·莫塞裡(Adam
Mosseri)表示，該公司會評估這兩個國家的用戶使用新按鈕的情況，進行改進，然後在今年晚些時候將適用範圍擴展至全球15億用戶。
“How do people use it? Is this the right set of reactions?” Mr.
Mosseri said in an interview.
莫塞裡接受採訪時表示，「人們會怎麼使用？這些代表了正確的反應嗎？」
Mark E. Zuckerberg, Facebook’s co-founder and chief executive, said
last month that the company
planned to test a way to “dislike” a post. “I do think it’s important to give
people more options than just like,” he said at that time.
Facebook聯合創始人、首席執行官馬克·E·紮克伯格(Mark E.
Zuckerberg)在上個月表示，該公司計劃測試一種表示「不喜歡」一篇帖子的方法。他當時表示，「我覺得給人們提供除了讚之外的更多選擇是非常重要的。」
While none of the new buttons are labeled that way, the angry and
sad faces are designed to be tools for users to express negative emotions in a
sympathetic way.
雖然新按鈕沒有這種情緒表達，但憤怒和悲傷的面部表情旨在讓用戶通過表示同情的方式表達負面情緒。
To Keep Teenagers Alert,
Schools Let Them Sleep In
By JAN
HOFFMANOctober 19, 2015
為保學生睡眠，美國中學推遲上課
教育JAN
HOFFMAN2015年10月19日
COLUMBIA, Mo. – Jilly Dos
Santos really did try to get to school on time. She set three successive alarms
on her phone. Skipped breakfast. Hastily applied makeup while her fuming father
drove. But last year she rarely made it into the frantic scrum at the doors of
Rock Bridge High School here by the first bell, at 7:50 a.m.
密蘇里州哥倫比亞市—為了按時到校，吉莉·多斯桑托斯(Jilly
Dos Santos)已經使盡了渾身解數。她在手機上連着設了三個鬧鐘，早餐也顧不上吃，在父親氣沖沖駕車的途中匆匆化妝。但即使這樣，去年她幾乎也從未成功在早上7:50預備鈴響之前衝進石橋高中(Rock
Bridge High School)大門口蜂擁的學生群中。
Then she heard that the school
board was about to make the day start even earlier, at 7:20 a.m.
然後她聽說，學校董事會正準備將上課時間提前到7:20。
“I thought, if that happens, I
will die,” recalled Jilly, 17. “I will drop out of school!”
「我想要真這樣我就死定了，」17歲的吉莉回憶道。「我會輟學的！」
That was when the
sleep-deprived teenager turned into a sleep activist. She was determined to
convince the board of a truth she knew in the core of her tired, lanky body:
Teenagers are developmentally driven to be late to bed, late to rise. Could the
board realign the first bell with that biological reality?
就是從這時候起，這名總是睡眠不足的少女變身為睡眠捍衛者。她決心要說服學校董事會，使他們也認識到她那疲憊、瘦高的身體一再告訴她的真相：青少年正處在生長發育階段，這註定了他們就是要晚睡晚起。學校董事會能不能根據這個生物學上的事實重新調整預備鈴的時間？
The
sputtering, nearly 20-year movement to start high schools later has recently
gained momentum in communities like this one, as hundreds of schools in dozens
of districts across the country have bowed to the accumulating research on the
adolescent body clock.
…
Researchers
have found that during adolescence, as hormones surge and the brain develops,
teenagers who regularly sleep eight to nine hours a night learn better and are
less likely to be tardy, get in fights or sustain athletic
injuries. Sleeping well can also help moderate
their tendency toward impulsive or risky decision-making.
During
puberty, teenagers have a later release of the “sleep” hormone
melatonin, which means they tend not to feel drowsy
until around 11 p.m. That inclination can be further delayed by the stimulating
blue light from electronic devices, which tricks the brain into sensing wakeful
daylight, slowing the release of melatonin and the onset of sleep. The
Minnesota study noted that 88 percent of the students kept a cellphone in their
bedroom.
青春期期間，「睡眠」激素——褪黑激素的釋放有所延遲，這意味著青少年們往往直到晚上11點左右才會覺得昏昏欲睡。電子設備發出的藍光會誤導人的大腦，使其以為感覺到了干擾入睡的日光，在此刺激下，褪黑激素的釋放進一步受到延緩，睡意就愈發姍姍來遲。明尼蘇達大學的研究指出，88%的學生都在卧室裡放有手機。
But many parents, and some
students, object to shifting the start of the day later. They say doing so
makes sports practices end late, jeopardizes student jobs, bites into time for
homework and extracurricular activities, and upsets the morning routine for
working parents and younger children.
不過許多家長以及一些學生都反對推遲上課時間。他們認為，這樣體育鍛煉就得拖到很晚才能結束，影響學生打工，侵佔做家庭作業和從事課外活動的時間，還會擾亂需要工作的父母和年齡較小的孩子們早晨的時間安排。
At heart, though, experts say,
the resistance is driven by skepticism about the primacy of sleep.
不過，專家表示，從本質上來說，會產生這種抗拒思維是因為他們對睡眠的重要意義持懷疑態度。
…
That
Wednesday, she pulled an all-nighter. She created a Facebook page and set up a Twitter account, alerting
hundreds of students about the school board meeting: “Be there to have a say in
your school district’s decisions on school start times!”
She then got
in touch with Start School Later, a nonprofit group
that provided her with scientific ammunition. She recruited friends and divided
up sleep-research topics. With a blast of emails, she tried to enlist the help
of every high school teacher in the district. She started an online petition.
然後，她與非營利性組織「推遲上課時間」(Start
School Later)取得了聯繫，並從該組織獲得了所需的科學依據。她招募友人與她分擔睡眠研究課題，並發出大量電子郵件，儘力爭取該學區內每一位高中老師的幫助。她還在網上發起了請願活動。
The students she organized made hundreds of
posters and fliers, and posted advice on Twitter: “If you are going to be
attending the board meeting tomorrow we recommend that you dress up!”
在她的組織下，同學們製作了上百張的海報和宣傳單，並在Twitter上張貼建議：「如果你要出席明天的董事會會議，建議你穿上正裝！」
…
The University of Minnesota study tracked
9,000 high school students in five districts in Colorado, Wyoming and Minnesota
before and after schools shifted start times. In those that originally started
at 7:30 a.m., only a third of students said they were able to get eight or more
hours of sleep. Students who got less than that reported significantly more
symptoms of depression, and greater use of caffeine, alcohol and illegal drugs
than better-rested peers.
明尼蘇達大學的研究跟蹤了科羅拉多州、懷俄明州和明尼蘇達州五個學區的9000名高中生，並對學校改變上課時間前後他們的各種情況進行了比較。在原本早晨7:30開始上課的學校中，只有三分之一的學生表示可以保證至少八小時的睡眠。與可以得到較好休息的同學們相比，睡眠時間低於上述時間的學生報告的抑鬱症癥狀顯著較多，含咖啡因食品、酒類及非法藥物的攝入量也顯著較大。
…
Many
researchers say that quality sleep directly affects learning because people
store new facts during deep-sleep cycles. During the rapid-eye-movement phases,
the brain is wildly active, sorting and categorizing the day’s data. The more sleep a teenager gets, the
better the information is absorbed.
許多研究人員認為，睡眠質量可以直接影響到學習好壞，是因為人體需要在深睡階段儲存新的知識。在快速眼動睡眠期，大腦高度活躍，對白天的數據資料進行整理和分類。青少年的睡眠時間越充足，他們吸收信息的效果就越好。
“Without
enough sleep,” said Jessica Payne, a sleep researcher and assistant professor of psychology
at the University of Notre Dame, “teenagers are losing the ability not only to
solidify information but to transform and restructure it, extracting inferences
and insights into problems.”
聖母大學(University of Notre Dame)的心理學助理教授，睡眠研究員傑茜卡·佩恩(Jessica Payne)表示：「睡眠不足令青少年喪失的不僅僅是鞏固信息的能力，還有將信息轉化和重組，引申出推論並深入洞察問題本質的能力。」
…
The high schools in the district have tried
to adjust, for example by adding Wi-Fi access to buses so athletes can do
homework on the road. Some classes meet only one or two days a week, and are
supplemented with online instruction. More sports practices and clubs convene
before school.
該學區的高中也在嘗試進行一些調整，以適應新作息時間表，例如，在大巴上增加Wi-Fi服務，以便運動員們在途中做作業。有些課程每周只授課一兩天，再輔以在線輔導。同時，也有更多體育活動和俱樂部選擇在早晨上課前集會。
Some parents and first-period teachers are
seeing a payoff in students who are more rested and alert.
一部分家長和頭一堂課的老師已經看到了回報：學生休息得更好，精神也更足。
STATE OF THE ART
Behind the Failure of Leap
Transit’s Gentrified Buses in San Francisco
By FARHAD MANJOO October 15, 2015
矽谷公司之死：生於富貴毀於奢華
FARHAD MANJOO 2015年10月15日
The first thing you notice when hanging around technology startups
is the cultural importance that Silicon Valley ascribes to snacking, with a
company's snack bar often standing as a rough proxy for the scope of its
ambitions.
光顧科技創業公司時，你注意到的第一件事就是矽谷賦予零食的文化重要性。一家公司的小吃吧通常可以粗略地體現出它的雄心壯志。
Square, Jack Dorsey's payments business, boasts a gleaming coffee
bar with a barista who hosts classes on the best ways to brew. On one trip to
Facebook, I was treated to an otherworldly bag of popcorn. And just about every
company has a refrigerator or two stocked with Hint, a subtly flavored brand of
bottled water that seems to flow as freely in San Francisco as the tears of the
people who were evicted to make room for the incoming software engineers.
傑克·多爾西(Jack
Dorsey)創辦的支付業務公司Square擁有一間閃亮的咖啡吧，那裡的咖啡師會宣講調製咖啡的最佳手法。有一次去Facebook，迎接我的是一袋妙不可言的爆米花。而且幾乎每家公司都有一兩台裝滿Hint的冰箱。這是一種口感特殊的瓶裝水，似乎在舊金山肆意流淌，就像為給將來的軟件工程師騰出空間而被趕走的人們的眼淚一樣。
Even when a startup's dreams are deferred, the snacks hang on, as I
learned during a recent visit to the buses that were once owned by Leap
Transit, a startup that once had aspirations of revolutionizing urban
transportation.
即使一家創業公司的夢想受挫，零食卻會堅持下去，就像我最近去看Leap
Transit曾經擁有的大巴車時瞭解的那樣。這家創業公司一度懷揣徹底變革城市交通的夢想。
Jason Henry for The New York Times提供豪華大巴交通服務的舊金山初創企業Leap Transit一敗塗地。
Leap, which
raised $2.5 million from some of the industry's best-known investors, charged
riders $6 to get across San Francisco, nearly three times the price of a city
bus. Its primary draw was luxury. Each bus had a wood-trimmed interior
outfitted with black leather seats, individual USB ports and Wi-Fi. The buses
also offered a steady stream of gourmet snacks, sold via app.
Leap從一些赫赫有名的行業投資者那裡融資250萬美元，向穿越舊金山的乘客收取6美元車費。這幾乎是市政公交車三倍的價格。它的主要吸引力是奢華。每輛車內部都有木質內飾，並配備黑色真皮座椅、專享的USB埠和Wi-Fi。這些車還提供大量的精美小食，通過應用程式出售。
I'd come to the
see the buses to find out what it looks like when a startup bites the dust. The
luxury vehicles were up for auction; Leap filed for bankruptcy in July. The end
for Leap apparently came so suddenly that its founders didn't have time to
remove much from the vehicles. Inside each bus sitting in an out-of-the-way
parking lot near Oakland, California, was a state registration form pinned to
the wall, a bundle of iPhone and HDMI cables, and a display case full of
snacks. Among the choices were packages of That's It — vegan, gluten-free,
non-GMO fruit bars — and organic, paleo Simple Squares.
我來看這些車，是想瞭解一家創業公司一敗塗地會是什麼樣子。所有的豪華車都被拿出來拍賣；Leap在7月份申請破產。Leap的末日顯然來得極為突然，它的創始人甚至沒有時間從車上拆掉多少東西。這些車停放在加州奧克蘭附近一座偏僻的停車場裡，每輛車內部有釘在車上的州級註冊表、一束iPhone和HDMI線，以及一個滿是小吃的展示櫃。其中有幾包「That’s It」——素食、無麩質、非轉基因的水果棒——和遵循遠古飲食法的有機Simple Squares零食。
Leap is one of
at least several dozen tech companies that have failed this year. Their deaths
are illuminating; dead startups show us which investors' theories are bogus,
which technologies aren't ready for prime time, and which common ways founders
overextend themselves. They also outline the frontiers of what the current
market for tech products and services will bear.
Leap是今年以來至少數十個失敗的科技公司之一。他們的死亡頗具啟發性；倒閉的創業公司告訴我們，投資者的哪些理論是泡沫的，哪種技術還沒有準備就緒，以及創始人通常用哪種方法透支自己。它們也勾勒出了高科技產品和服務目前的市場能承受的邊界。
…
Sanwal estimated
that the number of startup failures increased in 2015, but he believed the
uptick was most likely because many more companies were founded and funded a
few years ago, as the tech market began heating up.
桑瓦爾估計失敗創業公司的數量在2015年有所增加，但他相信這種上揚很可能是因為許多企業是在幾年前科技市場開始升溫的時候成立並獲得融資的。
“There were
companies that went in at the top of the funnel, so a lot more of them are
meeting that fate,” he said.
「有不少公司是在漏斗的頂部進入的，所以遭遇這種命運的也要多得多，」他說。
…
Some companies
can escape their image. Uber, a company whose endless run-ins with authorities
have covered its brand in an ethical haze, is still experiencing growth because
the product remains truly useful to riders and drivers. But the winners are the
exceptions. Most companies can't repeat unlikely success.
一些公司可以逃避自己的形象問題。例如優步，它與有關當局無休止的爭執與對抗已讓其品牌蒙上一層道德陰霾，但卻仍在不斷發展，因為它的產品對乘客和司機確實有用。但贏家是例外。大多數公司無法重複這種不太可能的成功。
Leap tried.
Despite the snacks, it failed.
Leap嘗試了。儘管提供了零食，它還是失敗了。
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